Bahrainthismonth.com 34 November 2024 The History of Pearling in Bahrain For centuries, Bahrain was the epicentre of the world’s pearling industry, producing some of the most prized pearls ever discovered. From ancient times to the modern day, the story of pearling is woven into the fabric of Bahraini society, economy and culture. Edwin D’Souza traces the history of pearling in Bahrain, from its early beginnings and golden age to its eventual decline with the rise of cultured pearls and oil. Despite the industry’s end, Bahrain’s pearling legacy remains a cherished part of its identity. For centuries, the waters surrounding Bahrain were famed for producing some of the finest natural pearls in the world. The history of pearling in Bahrain is not only a testament to the country’s natural wealth but also an essential part of its cultural heritage, influencing its economy, society and even its global identity. Pearling in Bahrain dates back thousands of years. Archaeological evidence suggests that pearl diving was practiced as early as 2000BC, making it one of the oldest known industries in the region. The abundance of oysters in the shallow waters of the Arabian Gulf made it an ideal location for pearling, and Bahrain’s geographic position helped it become a centre for this lucrative trade. Historically, Bahrain’s pearls were highly priced for their purity, lustre and rarity. These natural treasures were sought after by royalty and elites across ancient civilisations, from Mesopotamia to the Indian subcontinent and the Mediterranean. The island’s name itself, Bahrain, is derived from the Arabic word bahr, meaning ‘sea,’ reflecting its intimate relationship with the surrounding waters and the pearling industry that flourished within them. With the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Bahrain continued to thrive as a pearling centre. The region’s pearls were celebrated in Islamic culture, where pearls were not only symbols of wealth but also spiritual purity and divine beauty. Pearls are mentioned in the Quran, which further elevated their cultural significance. By the 9th and 10th centuries, Bahrain’s pearling industry was fully integrated into the larger Arabian Gulf economy. Traders from Bahrain exported pearls to markets as far away as India, Persia, and Europe. The city of Basra in present-day Iraq became a major centre for pearling trade during this period, and Bahrain’s pearls were often exported through this vital trade hub. Pearling remained an important part of Bahrain’s economy throughout the Islamic Golden Age, particularly under the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate, which saw flourishing trade across the Middle East and beyond. While Bahrain had other economic activities like agriculture and fishing, it was the pearls that formed the backbone of its wealth and international prestige. The pearling industry was organised into a structured, hierarchical system. At the top were the tawash, or pearl merchants, who financed expeditions and traded pearls. They were wealthy and influential members of society, often playing a key role in the local economy. The merchants would sell pearls both locally and internationally, acting as the link between the divers and the broader global market. The divers, known as ghawwas, formed the backbone of the industry. Their work was perilous, physically demanding, and required immense skill. Equipped with minimal gear, A GLIMPSE INTO AN ANCIENT LEGACY jewellery
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